Vintage cultural icons in the touristic communication of Lisbon
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4000/cp.6747Keywords:
tourism communication, cultural icons, Lisbon, omnichannelAbstract
Cities are facing moments of touristic affirmation and studies indicate that the promotion of cultural icons favors the choice of cities as tourist destinations. Cultural icons are based on missing or disappearing aspects of cities, able to become mythicized and perceived as representative of its culture. This article discusses the vintage cultural icons in the tourism communication of Lisbon, aiming, from an omnichannel perspective, to understand how they are used in the visual communication of the city. This research analyzed, from a semiological perspective, the covers of the Follow Me Lisboa guide (in paper) and images from the Turismo de Lisboa website using city icons. A questionnaire survey revealed the perceptions of domestic and foreign tourists about the city's cultural icons while an in-depth semi-structured interview identified the Lisbon Tourism Association’s (LTA) main objectives. The results indicate that the communication of the city of Lisbon makes little use of its vintage cultural icons, despite the nostalgia and authenticity that respondents associate with the city. The discrepancy between the LTA’s intention and the public’s perception of Lisbon allows the identification of opportunities for improving the city’s tourism omnichannel communication.
Downloads
References
Alexa. (s.d.). Competitive analysis, marketing mix and traffic. Disponível em: https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/visitlisboa.com (Acedido 28 julho, 2019)
Barbetta, P.A. (2004). Estatística aplicada às ciências sociais. Florianópolis: UFSC.
Barlach, L., & Santos, L. P. (2015). A inovação confrontada com as tendências vintage e retrô: Um estudo qualitativo. Revista de Administração e Inovação, 12(2), 257-269.
Barthes, R. (1999). Rethoric of the image. In J. Evans & S. Hall (Eds.), Visual culture: The reader (pp. 33- 40). London: Sage Publications.
Barthes, R. (2001). Elementos de semiologia. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Baumann, F., Lopes, M., & Lourenço, P. (2017). Imagem projectada e percebida de um destino através da fotografia digital. A rede Instagram como nova resposta para a recolha de dados: O caso de estudo de Lisboa. Revista Turismo & Desenvolvimento, 27-28(1), 1409-1422.
Buhalis, D. (2003). eTourism: Information technology for strategic tourism management. London: Pearson Education.
Bühler, K. (2011). Theory of language: The representational function of language. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Carris (s.d.). Carris mobile. Disponível em: http://www.carris.pt/ (Acedido: 12 abril 2019)
Cassidy, T. D. (2002). The rise of vintage fashion and the vintage consumer. The Journal of Design, Creative Process & the Fashion Industry, 4(2), 239-262.
Castéran, H., & Roederer, C. (2013). Does authenticity really affect behavior? The case of the Strasbourg Christmas Market. Tourism Management, 36, 153-163.
Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling techniques. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Coelho, Z. P., & Pinto, R. (2018). Discursos e imagens do turismo cultural. Revista Lusófona de Estudos Culturais, 5(2), 7-21.
Coomansingh, J. (2018). Authenticity of a national icon. In J. M. Rickly, & E. S. Vidan (Eds.), Authenticity & tourism: Materialities, perceptions, experiences (Vol. 24, pp. 89-107). Bingley: Emerald.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design, qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Davison, J. (2009). Icon, iconography, iconology. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 22(6), 883-906.
Entidade Regional de Turismo da Região de Lisboa. (2019). Plano Estratégico para o Turismo na Região de Lisboa 2015-2019 [Plano Estratégico]. Lisboa: Turismo de Lisboa.
Fernandes, F., Ribeiro, R. B., & Lima, L. (2019). A promoção turística de Cabo Verde no mercado português. Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 17(3), 509-526.
Fischer, N. L. (2015). Vintage, the first 40 years: The emergence and persistence of vintage style in the United States. Culture Unbound, 7, 45-66.
Fonseca, J. R. S. (2013). Clustering in the field of social sciences: That’s your choice, international. Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(5), 403-442.
Fussell, G. (2017). Industry trends: What does vintage mean in design today?. Disponível em: https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/what-vintage-design-means (Acedido 3 setembro 2019).
Gheorghe, G., Tudorache, P., & Nistoreanu, P. (2014). Gastronomic tourism, a new trend for contemporary tourism? Cactus Tourism Journal, 9, 12-21.
Groeneveld, R. A., & Meeden, G. (1984). Measuring skewness and kurtosis. The Statistician, 33(4), 391-399.
Hunter, W. C. (2016). The social construction of tourism online destination image: A comparative semiotic analysis of the visual representation of Seoul. Tourism Management, 54, 221-229.
i Agustí, D. P. (2018). Characterizing the location of tourist images in cities. Differences in user-generated images (Instagram), official tourist brochures and travel guides. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 103-115.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística. (2018). Tourism activity. Disponível em: https://url.gratis/lRyPu (Acedido 3 setembro 2019).
Jerome, F. (2004). Einstein, race and myth of the cultural icon. History of Science Society, 95(4), 627-639.
Joly, M. (2008). Introdução à análise da imagem. Lisboa: Edições 70.
Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 216-237.
Kotler, P., & Gertner, D. (2002). Country as brand, product, and beyond: A place marketing and brand management perspective. The Journal of Brand Management, 9, 249-261.
Kotler, P., Kartajaya, H., & Setiawan, I. (2017). Marketing 4.0: Mudança do tradicional para o digital. Coimbra: Edições Almedina.
Lester, J. A., & Scarles, C. (2013). Mediating the tourist experience: From brochures to virtual encounters. Ashgate: Farnham and Burlington.
Litvin, S. W., & Mouri, N. (2009). A comparative study of the use of "iconic" versus "generic" advertising images for destination marketing. Journal of Travel Research, 48(2), 152-161.
Live Portugal (2016). Tradição dos manjericos: o amor nas festas dos Santos. Disponível em: http://liveportugal.pt/tradicao-dos-manjericos/ (Acedido 2 setembro 2019).
Lusa. (2014, 15 de setembro). Artesãos criticam falta de artigos nacionais e artesanais em lojas de 'souvenirs' de Lisboa. Disponível em: https://url.gratis/CgUP9 (Acedido 3 setembro 2019).
Ma, Y., Hardy, A., & Ooi, C. S. (2019). Researching Chinese tourists on the move. Journal of China Tourism Research, 16(2), 214-229.
Marketeer. (2018, 6 de julho). Lisboa inspira colecção da Kiehl’s. Disponível em: https://marketeer.pt/lisboa-inspira-coleccao-da-kiehls/ (Acedido 3 setembro 2019).
Martins, U., Baptista, M., & Costa, C. (2012). A gastronomia como produto turístico-cultural: Uma análise das boas práticas de destinos internacionais. Revista Turismo de Desenvolvimento, 4(17/18), 51-53.
Marujo, N. (2012). Comunicação, destinos turísticos e formação superior. In S. P. Sebastião & R. B. Ribeiro (Eds.), Portugal destino a comunicar: A comunicação no turismo português (pp. 114-118). Lisboa: ISCSP-CAPP.
Mascaro, L., Bortolucci, M., & Lourenço, J. (2012). Raul Lino: Uma leitura dos projetos das “casas portuguesas”. Oculum Ensaios: Revista de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, 09(10), 52-65.
Menezes, M. (2015). Azulejo, culture, memory and society: study of the social meaning os the ceramic tile heritage. Proceedings of the International Conference Glazed Ceramics in Architectural Heritage (pp. 337-346). Lisbon, Portugal.
Millard, A. (2004). The electric guitar: A history of an American icon. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Netto, A. P., & Nechar, M. C. (2016). Em direção a uma perspectiva crítica em turismo. In A. P. Netto & M. C. Nechar (Eds.), Turismo: Perspectiva crítica: Textos reunidos (pp. 13-25). Assis: Triunfal.
Observatório Turismo de Lisboa. (s.d.). Turismo de Lisboa. Disponível em: https://url.gratis/5uDU5 (Acedido 12 abril 2019).
Pastoureau, M. (1997). Dicionário das cores do nosso tempo. Lisboa: Estampa.
Pavlakovic, B., Pozvek, N., & Trdina, A. (2016). Nostalgia, commodification of emotions and small-town tourism: The case of Vintage Vila. Acta Economica et Turistica, 2(2), 115-126.
Património Cultural (2011). Fonte Monumental - Sistema de informação para o património arquitectónico. Disponível em: https://url.gratis/KkTZG (Acedido 2 setembro 2019).
Peirce, C. S. (1997). Semiótica. São Paulo: Perspectiva.
Pennington, J. W., & Thomsen, R. C. (2010). A semiotic model of destination representations applied to cultural and heritage tourism marketing. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(1), 33-53.
Pentcheva, B. V. (2006). The performative icon. The Art Bulletin, 88(4), 631–655.
Pereira, M. L. S., & Hor-Meyll, L. F. (2017). Nostalgia de experiências memoráveis e a revisita a locais de turismo. Remark: Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 16(4), 535-548.
Ram, Y., Björk, P., & Weidenfeld, A. (2016). Authenticity and place attachment of major visitor attractions. Tourism Management, 52, 110-122.
Ribeiro, R. B., Fonseca, J. R., & Soares, I. (2018). Spend as I say, not as I do: Children, families and household consumption in different socio-economic contexts. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42, 566-582.
Rickly, J. M. (2018). Tourism geographies and the place of authenticity. Tourism Geographies, 20(4), 733-736.
Salazar, N. B., & Porter, B. W. (2004). Cultural heritage and tourism: A public interest approach – Introduction. Journal for Applied Anthropology in Policy and Practice, 11(2), 2-8.
Salim, M. A. B., Ibrahim, N. A. B., & Hassan, H. (2012). Language for tourism: A review of literature. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 66(7), 136-143.
Santos, L. (2012). Introdução. In S. P. Sebastião & R. B. Ribeiro (Eds.), Portugal destino a comunicar: A comunicação no turismo português (pp. 12-14). Lisboa: ISCSP-CAPP.
Saraiva, J. S. (1981). Para a história da cultura em Portugal. Lisboa: Bertrand Editora.
Scarpaci, J. L., Coupey, E., & Reed, S. D. (2018). Artists as cultural icons: the icon myth transfer effect as a heuristic for cultural branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 27(3), 320–333.
Slobin, I. (1979). Psicolingüística. São Paulo: Nacional.
Statista. (s.d.). Most famous social network sites worldwide as of July 2019, ranked by number of active users (in millions). Disponível em: https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/ (Acedido 26 julho 2019).
Timofeeva, E. (2010). Book review: Keyan G. Tomaselli and David Scott (eds), Cultural icons. Højbjerg, Denmark: Intervention Press, 2009, 167 pp.. Discourse & Communication, 4(2), 215–217.
Tresidder, J. (2000). Symbols and their meanings. New York: Friedman/Fairfax.
Turismo de Lisboa (s.d). Sabores de Lisboa. Disponível em: https://www.visitlisboa.com/pt-pt/p/lisbon-flavours (Acedido 3 setembro 2019).
Veríssimo, J. M. C., Tiago, M. T. B, Tiago, F. G., & Jardim, J. S. (2017). Tourism destination brand dimensions: An exploratory approach. Tourism & Management Studies, 13(4), 1-8.
Vuignier, R. (2016). Place marketing and place branding: A systematic (and tentatively exhaustive) literature review (Working Paper Nº 5). Lausanne: Institute de Hautes Études en Administration Publique. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01340352/document
Yamanari, T. T. (2013). O conceito vintage e o visual retrô como estratégias de marketing. (Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso não publicado). Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brasil.
Zhang, R., & Smith, R. (2019). Bonding and dissonance: Rethinking the interrelations among stakeholders in heritage tourism. Tourism Management, 74, 212-223.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Os conteudos da Comunicação Publica estão licenciados com uma licença Creative Commons - Atribuição-NãoComercial 4.0 Internacional.
