Public Relations

political or in politics? A contribution to the study of PR in the political sector

Authors

  • Nuno da Silva Jorge Escola Superior de Comunicação Social, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4000/cp.1305

Keywords:

political public relations, public relations

Abstract

Despite the practice of public relations in politics been as old as politics itself, it is a relatively new field of study and in search of its institutionalization. Its owns idiosyncrasies gives it distinct, converging the knowledge of public relations with the one from political science and political communication, but it cannot be confused with the political nature of the public relations activity. This article agims to further debate in terms of the understanding and clarification of the concept of public relations in politics an activity of strategic communications in the different organizations of political life, making a theorectical distintion between the political nature of public relations and its practice on the policial sector.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Nuno da Silva Jorge, Escola Superior de Comunicação Social, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa

    Campus de Benfica do IPL
    1549-014 Lisboa
    Portugal

References

Arendt, H. (2001 [1958]). A Condição Humana. Lisboa: Relógio d’Água.

Aristóteles. (2005). Retórica. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, Centro de Filosofia da Universidade de Lisboa.

Aula, P. e Mantere, S. (2008). Strategic Reputation Management: Towards a Company of Good. London: Routledge.

Bennett, W. L. (2007). News: The Politics of Illusion. New York: Pearson Longman.

Bernays, E. L. (2011 [1923]). Crystallizing Public Opinion. New York: Ig Publishing.

Bernays, E. L. (2004 [1928]). Propaganda. New York: Ig Publishing.

Botan, C. H. e Hazleton, V. (2010). Public Relations Theory II. NewYork: Taylor & Francis.

Botan, C. H. e Taylor, M. (2004). Public relations: State of the field. Journal of Communication. 54(4): 645-661. DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02649.x

Chaffee, S. H. (1975). Political Communication: Enduring Issues for Research. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Cícero, Q. (1978 [65a.C.). Handbook for an Election Campaign. Dunwoody Press.

Dearing, J. W. e Rogers, E. M. (1996). Agenda-setting. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Denton, R. (1997). Series Foreword. In: Johnson-Cartee, K. e Copeland, G. (orgs.). Inside Political Campaigns: Theory and Practice. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Dewey, J. (2012 [1927]). The Public and its Problems: An Essay in Political Inquiry. Penn State: Penn State Press.

Dretzin, R., Goodman, B., Soenens, M. e Rushkoff, D. (2004). Frontline: Persuaders [Documentário Televisivo]. Arlington, VA: Public Broadcasting Service.

Ellul, J. (1973 [1965]). Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. New York: Vintage.

Espirito Santo, P. (2008). Estudos de Comunicação Política. Lisboa: Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas.

Festinger, L. (1962). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford University Press.

Gamson, W. e Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. The American Journal of Sociology (95): 1–37. DOI : 10.1086/229213

Golan, G. (2006). Inter-media agenda setting and global news coverage: Assessing the influence of the New York Times on three network television evening news programs. Journalism Studies, 7(2): 323-333.

Gonçalves, G. (2014). Relações públicas políticas: raízes, desafios e aplicações. Comunicação e Sociedade, 26: 90 – 98. DOI : 10.17231/comsoc.26(2014).2027

Graber, D. A. (1988). Processing the News: How People Tame the Information Tide. University Press of America.

Gruning, J. e Hunt, T. (1984). Managing Public Relations. CL, Holt: Rinehart & Winston.

Hall, R. (1993). A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 14(8): 607-18.

Heath, R. L., Waymer, D. e Palenchar, M. J. (2013). Is the universe of democracy, rhetoric, and public relations whole cloth or three separate galaxies? Public Relations Review, 39 (4): 271-279. DOI : 10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.07.017

Hovland, C., Janis, I. e Kelley, H. (1953). Communication and Persuasion; Psychological Studies of Opinion Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.

International Communications Association. (2014). Political Communication. Consultado a 12 de julho de 2014, em http://community.icahdq.org/ohana/groups/details.cfm?id=37.

Ihlen, Ø. e van Ruler, B. (2007). How public relations works: Theoretical roots and public relations perspectives. Public Relations Review, 33(3): 243-248.

Ihlen, Ø., Van Ruler, B., e Fredriksson, M. (2009). Public Relations and Social Theory: Key Figures and Concepts. NewYork: Taylor & Francis.

Jamieson, K. e Cappella, J. (2008). Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. Oxford University Press.

Kaid, L. (1996). Political Communication. In: Stacks, D. & Salwen, M. (org.). An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research. NewYork: Taylor & Francis: 457-472. DOI : 10.4135/9781412953993

Kaid, L. (2004). Handbook of Political Communication Research. London: Routledge. DOI : 10.4324/9781410610584

Kelley, S. (1956). Professional Public Relations and Political Power. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

Knobloch-Westerwick, S. e Meng, J. (2009). Looking the Other Way Selective Exposure to Attitude- Consistent and Counterattitudinal Political Information. Communication Research, 36(3): 426-448.

L'Etang, J. (1994). Public relations and corporate social responsibility: Some issues arising. Journal of Business Ethics, 13(2): 111-123. DOI : 10.1007/BF00881580

Lasswell, H. (1971 [1927]). Propaganda Technique in World War I. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

Lasswell, H. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In: Bryson, L. (org.). The Communication of Ideas. New York: Harper and Row: 37–51.

Lippmann, W. (2007 [1922]). Public Opinion. Minneapolis: Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. DOI : 10.1097/00005053-192301000-00118

Lippmann, W. (1930 [1927]). The Phantom Public. New York: The Macmillan Company. DOI : 10.4324/9781315133812

Martinelli, D. (2011). Political public relations: Remembering its roots and classics. In: Strömbäck, J. e Kiousis, S. (org.). Political Public Relations: Principles and Applications. New York: Taylor & Francis.

McCombs, M. & Shaw, D. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2): 176-187. DOI : 10.1086/267990

McLuhan, M. (1974 [1964]). Os Meios de Comunicação como Extensões do Homem. São Paulo: Cultrix.

McNair, B. (2011). An Introduction to Political Communication. New York: Routledge. DOI : 10.4324/9781315750293

Nimmo, D. e Sanders, K. (1981). Handbook of Political Communication. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Papageorgis, D. e McGuire, W. (1961). The generality of immunity to persuasion produced by pre-exposure to weakened counterarguments. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(3): 475-481. DOI : 10.1037/h0048430

Pasadeos, Y., Berger, B. e Renfro, R. (2010). Public relations as a maturing discipline: An update on research networks. Journal of Public Relations Research, 22(2): 136-158. DOI : 10.1080/10627261003601390

Pfau, M., Kenski, H., Nitz, M. e Sorenson, J. (1990). Efficacy of inoculation strategies in promoting resistance to political attack messages: Application to direct mail. Communications Monographs, 57(1): 25-43.

Poguntke, T. (2006). Political parties and other organizations. In: Katz, R. e Crotty, W. (org.). Handbook of Party Politics. London: Sage: pp. 396-405.

Raupp, J. (2004). The Public Sphere as Central Concept of Public Relations, NewYork: Mouton de Gruyter.

Sebastião, S. (2012). Relações públicas: a comunicação, as organizações e a sociedade. Comunicação Pública, 7(12): 23-42. DOI : 10.4000/cp.112

Sebastião, S. P. (2015). Relações Públicas Políticas. In: Spínola, S. C. e Brandão, N. (coord.). Relações Públicas e Comunicação Organizacional: desafios da globalização, Lisboa: Escolar Editora: pp. 377-409

Sheafer, T. e Weimann, G. (2005). Agenda Building, Agenda Setting, Priming, Individual Voting Intentions, and the Aggregate Results: An Analysis of Four Israeli Elections. Journal of Communication, June: 347-365.

Simões, R. P. (1992). Relações públicas e micropolítica. Revista Brasileira de Comunicação XV(2): 20-30.

Simões, R. P. (1995). Relações Públicas: Função Política. São Paulo: Summus Editorial.

Simões, R. P. e Lima, S. (2008). Relações Públicas e micropolítica: um estudo comparativo de seus processos e programas. Revista FAMECOS: Mídia, Cultura e Tecnologia, 1(7): 98-116.

Smith, C. A. (1990). Political Communication. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Sommerfeldt, E. (2013). The civility of social capital: Public relations in the public sphere, civil society, and democracy. Public Relations Review, 39(4): 280-289. DOI : 10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.12.004

Strömbäck, J. (2013). Political public relations: Old practice, new theory-building. Public Relations Journal, 7(4): 1-17.

Strömbäck, J. e Kiousis, S. (2011). Political Public Relations: Principles and Applications.New York: Taylor & Francis.

Strömbäck, J., Mitrook, M. e Kiousis, S. (2010). Bridging two schools of thought: Applications of public relations theory to political marketing. Journal of Political Marketing, 9(1-2): 73-92. DOI : 10.1080/15377850903472547

Verčič, D., Van Ruler, B., Bütschi, G. e Flodin, B. (2002). On the definition of public relations: A European view”. Public Relations Review, 27(4): 373-387.

Vowe, G. (2008). “Politics, Policy, Polity”, em Kaid, L. (org.). (2008), Encyclopedia of political communication, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.

White, J. e Mazur, L. (1995). Strategic communications management: making public relations work. Wokingham: Addison Wesley.

Wilcox, D. (2006). The Landscape of Today’s Global Public Relations. Anàlisi, 34: 67-85.

Wilcox, D., Cameron, G. e Xifra, J. (2010). Relaciones públicas: Estrategias y tácticas (10a Edição). Madrid: Pearson Educación.

Zipfel, A. (2008). Public relations, political. In: Kaid, L. e Holtz-Bacha, C. (org.). Encyclopedia of Political Communication: Volume 2. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

Published

2021-12-20

How to Cite

Public Relations: political or in politics? A contribution to the study of PR in the political sector. (2021). Comunicação Pública, 11(21). https://doi.org/10.4000/cp.1305