O impacto da radioterapia no desenvolvimento cognitivo em doentes pediátricos com tumores do sistema nervoso central: revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25758/set.835Palavras-chave:
Radioterapia, Pediatria, Sistema nervoso central, Tumores cerebrais, Efeitos cognitivos, Quoficiente de inteligênciaResumo
Introdução – Os tumores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) são a segunda patologia maligna mais comum e a principal causa de morte por cancro em crianças e adolescentes com menos de vinte anos. Apesar dos avanços terapêuticos terem aumentado a taxa de sobrevivência aos cinco anos para cerca de 80%, os tratamentos ainda causam efeitos secundários agudos e tardios. Entre os efeitos agudos da radioterapia (RT) estão fadiga, náuseas, vómitos e cefaleias, enquanto os efeitos tardios incluem défices neurológicos e cognitivos que afetam a qualidade de vida. Este estudo analisa os efeitos secundários tardios cognitivos da RT em doentes pediátricos com tumores do SNC, uma área ainda pouco explorada na literatura científica. Objetivos – Identificar os efeitos cognitivos e compreender o seu impacto no desenvolvimento de doentes pediátricos com tumores do SNC, sujeitos a tratamento de RT. Métodos – De acordo com as recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura. A pesquisa de literatura científica foi realizada em dezembro de 2023 nas bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus e Web of Science, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos pelo PEOS. Resultados – Obteve-se um total de 25 artigos que demonstram alterações a nível cognitivo no desempenho académico e no QI. Para além destas, identificaram-se outras alterações, como as endócrinas e a perda auditiva. Considerações finais – A RT tem impacto no desenvolvimento e na qualidade de vida dos doentes, levando ao aparecimento de vários efeitos cognitivos tardios. Os efeitos identificados são: défices neuropsicológicos, neurocognitivos, cognitivos, na função executiva, intelectual, dificuldades de integração social, na realização das atividades diárias, pior aproveitamento académico, velocidade de processamento, memória, problemas de atenção e um menor QI.
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