Study of population exposure to air pollutants in transport in an urban environment: review article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25758/set.2279Keywords:
Commuting, Exposure, Air quality, Air pollution, Inhaled doseAbstract
Air pollution is caused by several anthropogenic factors and has consequences for human health. Motor vehicles are one of the main sources of anthropogenic emissions of atmospheric pollutants. Carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides are some of the main air pollutants responsible for the degradation of the air quality in urban areas. The transport most used in major cities in Portugal are bus, bicycle, car, and subway. Through a review of studies from various parts of the world, it was found that the car and the subway are the transports with the highest concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, while the bus was the transport with the lowest concentrations in relation to all the pollutants analyzed. High concentrations of each pollutant
are dependent on different factors such as increased traffic density, location of the exhaust pipes of vehicles, the ventilation conditions, wear of the wheels of the rail and the braking system, the proximity of bicycle paths to traffic lanes, among others. It was also found that the bicycle is the means of transport that involves the highest inhaled doses, although it is the most beneficial means of transport for health. It is, therefore, necessary to properly define the location of bike paths and adopt measures such as the use of barriers between the roadway and bike paths.
Downloads
References
World Health Organization. Air pollution [homepage]. WHO; 2018 [cited 2020 May 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health topics/air-pollution#tab=tab_1
European Environment Agency. Air quality in Europe 2019 [Internet]. EEA; 2019 Jun 24 [cited 2020 May 16]. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2019
OMS. Ambient air pollution: Pollutants [Internet]. World Health Organization. World Health Organization; [citado 16 de Maio de 2020]. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/pollutants/en/
Karagulian F, Belis CA, Dora CF, Prüss-Ustün AM, Bonjour S, Adair-Rohani H, et al. Contributions to cities’ ambient particulate matter (PM): a systematic review of local source contributions at global level. Atmos Environ. 2015;120:475-83.
Wilson RC, Saunders PJ, Smith G. An epidemiological study of acute carbon monoxide poisoning in the West Midlands. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55(11):723-8.
European Environment Agency. Air quality in Europe: 2017 report [Internet]. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2017 [cited 2020 May 22]. Available from: http://dx.publications.europa.eu/10.2800/850018
Von Schneidemesser E, Steinmar K, Weatherhead EC, Bonn B, Gerwig H, Quedenau J. Air pollution at human scales in an urban environment: impact of local environment and vehicles on particle number concentrations. Sci Total Environ. 2019;688:691-700.
Antrop M. Landscape change and the urbanization process in Europe. Landsc Urban Plan. 2004;67(1-4):9-26.
Raza W, Forsberg B, Johansson C, Sommar JN. Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling. Glob Health Action. 2018;11(1):1429081.
Almeida-Silva M, Canha N, Freitas MC, Dung HM, Dionísio I. Air pollution at an urban traffic tunnel in Lisbon, Portugal: an INAA study. Appl Radiat Isot. 2011;69(11):1586-91.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Estatísticas dos transportes e comunicações 2018 [Internet]. Lisboa: INE; 2019 [cited 2020 May 16]. Available from: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=358630755&PUBLICACOEStema=55488&PUBLICACOESmodo=2
Instituto Nacional de Estatística. Mobilidade e funcionalidade do território nas Áreas Metropolitanas do Porto e de Lisboa 2017 [Internet]. Lisboa: INE; 2018. Available from: https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOESpub_boui=349495406&PUBLICACOESmodo=2&xlang=pt
Correia C, Martins V, Cunha-Lopes I, Faria T, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K, et al. Particle exposure and inhaled dose while commuting in Lisbon. Environ Pollut. 2020;257:113547.
Karanasiou A, Viana M, Querol X, Moreno T, de Leeuw F. Assessment of personal exposure to particulate air pollution during commuting in European cities: recommendations and policy implications. Sci Total Environ. 2014;490:785-97.
Alameddine I, Abi Esber L, Bou Zeid E, Hatzopoulou M, El-Fadel M. Operational and environmental determinants of in-vehicle CO and PM2.5 exposure. Sci Total Environ. 2016;551-552:42-50.
Koolen CD, Rothenberg G. Air pollution in Europe. Chem- SusChem. 2019;12(1):164-72.
de Nazelle A, Fruin S, Westerdahl D, Martinez D, Ripoll A, Kubesch N, et al. A travel mode comparison of commuters’ exposures to air pollutants in Barcelona. Atmos Environ. 2012;59:151-9.
World Health Organization. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution [homepage]. WHO; 2018 May 18 [cited 2020 May 17]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact--sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health
Tan SH, Roth M, Velasco E. Particle exposure and inhaled dose during commuting in Singapore. Atmos Environ. 2017;170:245-58.
Ham W, Vijayan A, Schulte N, Herner JD. Commuter exposure to PM2.5, BC, and UFP in six common transport microenvironments in Sacramento, California. Atmos Environ. 2017;167:335-45.
Strasser G, Hiebaum S, Neuberger M. Commuter exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter in Vienna. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2018;130(1-2):62-9.
Żak M, Melaniuk-Wolny E, Widziewicz K. The exposure of pedestrians, drivers and road transport passengers to nitrogen dioxide. Atmos Pollut Res. 2017;8(4):781-90.
Cartenì A, Cascetta F, Campana S. Underground and ground-level particulate matter concentrations in an Italian metro system. Atmos Environ. 2015;101:328-37.
Cusack M, Talbot N, Ondráček J, Minguillón MC, Martins V, Klouda K, et al. Variability of aerosols and chemical composition of PM 10, PM 2.5 and PM 1 on a platform of the Prague underground metro. Atmos Environ. 2015;118:176-83.
Heberle SM, Lorini C, Rosa MS, Barros N. Evaluation of bus driver exposure to nitrogen dioxide levels during working hours. Atmos Environ. 2019;216:116906.
Juda-Rezler K, Reizer M, Maciejewska K, Błaszczak B, Klejnowski K. Characterization of atmospheric PM2.5 sources at a Central European urban background site. Sci Total Environ. 2020;713:136729.
Rivas I, Kumar P, Hagen-Zanker A. Exposure to air pollutants during commuting in London: are there inequalities among different socio-economic groups? Environ Int. 2017;101:143-57.
Chaney RA, Sloan CD, Cooper VC, Robinson DR, Hendrickson NR, McCord TA, et al. Personal exposure to fine particulate air pollution while commuting: an examination of six transport modes on an urban arterial roadway. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0188053.
Ramos MJ, Vasconcelos A, Faria M. Comparison of particulate matter inhalation for users of different transport modes in Lisbon. Transp Res Procedia. 2015;10:433-42.
MacNaughton P, Melly S, Vallarino J, Adamkiewicz G, Spengler JD. Impact of bicycle route type on exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Sci Total Environ. 2014;490:37‑43.
Ramos CA, Wolterbeek HT, Almeida SM. Air pollutant exposure and inhaled dose during urban commuting: a comparison between cycling and motorized modes. Air Qual Atmos Health. 2016;9:867-79.
Van Wijnen JH, Verhoeff AP, Jans HW, van Bruggen M. The exposure of cyclists, car drivers and pedestrians to traffic- related air pollutants. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 1995;67(3):187-93.
Moreno T, Reche C, Rivas I, Cruz Minguillón M, Martins V, Vargas C, et al. Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona. Environ Res. 2015;142:495-510.
Moreno T, Pacitto A, Fernández A, Amato F, Marco E, Grimalt JO, et al. Vehicle interior air quality conditions when travelling by taxi. Environ Res. 2019;172:529-42.
Molle R, Mazoué S, Géhin É, Ionescu A. Indoor-outdoor relationships of airborne particles and nitrogen dioxide inside Parisian buses. Atmos Environ. 2013;69:240-8.
Borrego C, Tchepel O, Costa AM, Martins H, Ferreira J, Miranda AI. Traffic-related particulate air pollution exposure in urban areas. Atmos Environ. 2006;40(37):7205-14.
Correia CG. Exposição a partículas atmosféricas e dose inalada em movimentos pendulares em Lisboa [dissertation]. Lisboa: Instituto Técnico Superior; 2018.
Almeida-Silva M, Pilou M, Housiadas C, Almeida SM. Internal dose of particles in the elderly: modeling based on aerosol measurements. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(24):23645-56.
Buonanno G, Giovinco G, Morawska L, Stabile L. Tracheobronchial and alveolar dose of submicrometer particles for different population age groups in Italy. Atmos Environ. 2011;45(34):6216-24.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Inhalation rates. In: US EPA, editor. Exposure factors handbook. EPA; 2011. chapter 6.
Kendrick CM, Koonce P, George LA. Diurnal and seasonal variations of NO, NO2 and PM2.5 mass as a function of traffic volumes alongside an urban arterial. Atmos Environ. 2015;122:133-41.
European Environment Agency. 6.7. Carbon moxide (CO) [homepage]. EEA; 2016 Apr 20 [cited 2020 May 20]. Available from: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/2-9167-057-X/page024.html
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Saúde e Tecnologia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The journal Saúde & Tecnologia offers immediate free access to its content, following the principle that making scientific knowledge available to the public free of charge provides greater worldwide democratization of knowledge.
The journal Saúde & Tecnologia does not charge authors any submission or article processing charges (APC).
All content is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license. Authors have the right to: reproduce their work in physical or digital form for personal, professional, or teaching use, but not for commercial use (including the sale of the right to access the article); deposit on their website, that of their institution or in a repository an exact copy in electronic format of the article published by Saúde & Tecnologia, provided that reference is made to its publication in Saúde & Tecnologia and its content (including symbols identifying the journal) is not altered; publish in a book of which they are authors or editors the total or partial content of the manuscript, provided that reference is made to its publication in Saúde & Tecnologia.
