A obesidade infantil: um problema emergente

Autores

  • Joana Sousa Área Científica de Dietética, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa. Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Isabel Loureiro Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa, Portugal. Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública (CIESP), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Isabel do Carmo Serviço de Endocrinologia, Diabetes e Metabolismo, Hospital de Santa Maria. Lisboa, Portugal. Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa. Lisboa, Portugal.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25758/set.74

Palavras-chave:

Obesidade infantil, Definição, Epidemiologia, Complicações, Tratamento, Prevenção

Resumo

A obesidade é um dos problemas de saúde mais graves que afecta crianças e adolescentes a nível mundial. As evidências sugerem que o problema está a agravar-se rapidamente. O aumento da prevalência de obesidade infantil pode fazer com que a próxima
geração apresente indicadores de obesidade no adulto superiores aos indicadores actuais. Pelo facto de a obesidade estar intimamente associada a diferentes patologias crónicas faz com que estejamos perante um enorme desafio para o sistema de cuidados de saúde. A definição de obesidade em crianças é dificultada pelo facto de ser um processo caro e pouco prático. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) é utilizado como indicador de obesidade no adulto. Nas crianças e adolescentes, é consensual a utilização dos percentis obtidos estatisticamente através de uma população de referência. O tratamento recomendado para que crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso consigam atingir um peso mais saudável utiliza quatro estratégias comportamentais primárias: redução do aporte energético, aumento do gasto energético, participação activa dos pais e educadores no processo de mudança e ajuda do ambiente familiar de suporte. A prevenção do excesso de peso é critica para um tratamento com sucesso devido aos resultados a longo prazo. Factores genéticos, ambientais ou a combinação de factores de risco que predispõem a criança ou adolescente para a obesidade podem e devem ser identificados. As famílias devem ser educadas antecipadamente para reconhecer o impacto que têm nos hábitos alimentares e de actividade física na vida das crianças e adolescentes. Práticas alimentares que incentivem a moderação em vez do consumo excessivo devem ser promovidas, enfatizando escolhas alimentares saudáveis em vez de padrões alimentares restritivos. Actividade física regular deve ser promovida de forma prioritária no ambiente familiar, escolar e comunitário. O caminho ideal para a prevenção é aliar a intervenção dietética com a actividade física. As crianças e adolescentes devem ser ajudados precocemente a desenvolver hábitos alimentares e de actividade física, porque as intervenções tornam-se mais efectivas quando os hábitos comportamentais se estão a formar. Neste artigo são apresentadas a epidemiologia, a avaliação, o tratamento e a prevenção associado a este fenómeno de saúde pública. 

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15-11-2008

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A obesidade infantil: um problema emergente. (2008). Saúde & Tecnologia, 02, 05-15. https://doi.org/10.25758/set.74